Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Meursaults Indifference in The Stranger, by Albert Camus

In The Stranger, Albert Camus allows the main character to tell the story in order to give the reader an experience of his own. Obviously, with a novel also comes language, which Camus incorporates cleverly as a way to indirectly illustrate Meursault’s thoughts about certain situations. Although the novel represents a postmodern setting, the author shifts the overall meaning. In The Stranger, Camus applies a unique literary style as a power that deflects blame from Meursault, the antiheroic character. In order to disclaim the fault of Meursault, Camus incorporates several instances in which he leaves a greater sense of authority to nonliving objects, while further drawing attention away from the main character. Based on the implication of†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, he covers the Arab’s intentions when talking about the same blade that persists in bringing Meursault pain. He describes the stabbing as a â€Å"scorching blade [that] slashes at [his] eyelas hes and stabs at [his] stinging eyes† (59). The moment that the blade brings itself to Meursault’s face and slashes at his eyelashes, of course, is the point at which Meursault acknowledges that everything is beginning to reel. Finally, under the influence of the sea’s fiery breath and the sun’s scorching attitude, Meursault admits that â€Å"the trigger gave† when reminiscing on the death of the Arab (59). Not until after he blames the trigger for the mishap does he use first person to describe the negative actions, as he shoots the Arab four more times. At this point, perhaps, he realizes his own fault within the situation as he continues to set himself in place for the remainder of part one. The simple sentences in The Stranger reveal Meursault’s emotional detachment from society, while the more complex sentences are assigned to objects with authority. Throughout the entire novel, Meursault’s simplicity and disinterest in the world can be identified with the incorporation of his simple statements. Especially in this particular passage, Meursault finds it unimportant to challenge himself in a way that makes sense. Although Meursault recognizes the sensibility of walkingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Absurdism in The Stranger by Albert Camus1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stranger by Albert Camus focuses largely on the concept of absurdism. Camus uses family and personal relationships, or the lack of it thereof, to show the isolation that the main character, Meursault, undergoes in the novel and it’s effect on him overall. Camus utilizes the protagonists’ character development as a tool to further his plot of the novel. The absence of family and personal relationships tied in with the particular recurring topics of the novel are crucial in both the developmentRead MoreThe Topic of Defiance of Societal Rules in The Stranger Through Absurdism1018 Words   |  5 Pagesdeliberately, but rather because one ’s own beliefs dont parallel. In the novel The Stranger by Albert Camus there is a prevalence of characters breaking societal rules, but as a result these characters face the consequences. Albert Camus connects these actions to the overarching themes of the books in order to convey his message more effectively. To what extent does the topic of defiance of societal rules in The Stranger convey the theme of Absurdism in the novel? The sub-themes of femininity, individualityRead MoreLiterary Analysis: How Meursault Is Indifferent in the Stranger, by Albert Camus874 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actionsRead MoreMortality in the Stranger by Albert Camus Essay example967 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone will die. Meursault’s awareness of death contributes to his nonchalant attitude toward every death he witness or must endure in The Stranger. Death fails to upset Meursault. 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Through Meursault and his ventures in The Stranger, Camus expresses to the reader the idea thatRead More Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Reader Response Criticism2226 Words   |  9 PagesReader Response Criticism to Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Stranger (The Outsider), Albert Camus anticipates an active reader that will react to his text. He wants the reader to form a changing, dynamic opinion of Meursault. The reader can create a consciousness for Meursault from the facts that Meursault reports. By using vague and ambiguous language, Camus stimulates the reader to explore all possibilities of meaning. Camus also intends to shock the reader into rereadingRead More Absurdity in Albert Camus’ The Stranger Essay2431 Words   |  10 Pagesthese definitions are hard to interpret and for the most part are not how Camus viewed the word absurd. Camus gives his interpretation of absurd in his book The Myth of Sisyphus, which is the point at which man realizes that all the struggles that we put forth in a repeated daily cycle are in all actuality completely meaningless (Woelfel 44). In James W. Woelfel’s book, Camus: A Theological Perspective, he gives us Camus point of absurdity in detail, I have said that the world is not absurdRead MoreEssay Theory of the Absurd1667 Words   |  7 Pagesover insignificant things and rejecting the notion of â€Å"logic.† Albert Camus, a major writer of the â€Å"Theatre of the Absurd†, construes the â€Å"Absurd† by completely varying this concept through the human personality, exemplified by The Stranger and â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus.† Camus redefines the absurd by envisioning the â€Å"absurd† as a world consisting of â€Å"the struggle to find meaning where none exists† (Albert). In The Stranger, Camus writes about a man named Meursault, who one day is notified thatRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, encompasses contemporary philosophies of existentialism and absurdism. Existentialist and absurdist philosophies entail principles regarding that one’s identity is not based on nature or culture, but rather by sole existence. The role of minor characters in The Stranger helps to present Camus’s purpose to convey absurdist and existentialist principles. The characters of Salamano and Marie are utilized in order to contrast the author’s ideas about contemporaryRead MoreNonconformity and Its Effects728 Words   |  3 Pagesis the one who walks the path most would be unwilling to take. One such individual is Meursault, the nonconforming protagonist in Albert Camus’s The Stranger. In this critically acclaimed novel, Camus carefully develops Meursault’s non conformist character and explains how that personality causes a series of events that ultimately ends in Meursault’s death. Meursault’s emotionless behaviors clearly reveal his nonconformity to society. For example, Meursault could never express any sorrow over his

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Difference between Morals and Ethics - 818 Words

Morals and Ethics Many people use the words â€Å"ethical† and â€Å"moral† as descriptive words interchangeably. However, ethics and morals are dissimilar from one another, for there are many factors that differentiate one from the other. Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Potter Stewart once stated, â€Å"There is a big difference between what we have the right to do, and what is right. This statement alone encompasses the general distinction between ethics and morals. Morals, as defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary, are â€Å"a person’s standard of behavior or beliefs concerning what is acceptable for them to do.† In other words, morals are one’s interpretation of what is wrong and what is right. For example someone’s morals may include that one should always be kind or that stealing is wrong. Ethics, however, (as also defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary) are moral principals that govern a person or groups’ behavior.† In other words, ethics can be thought of as rules of conduct belonging to a particular group. Many companies have codes of ethics put in place to regulate the profession. For example, an establishment may include a selective disclosure clause within their code of ethics, meaning that no nonpublic information or materials will be released to any outside sources without prior authorization. Although there are times where one’s morals may correlate with a given code of ethics, there are many distinctions between these two terms. Three specific differencesShow MoreRelatedMorals and Ethics1023 Words   |  5 PagesMorals and Ethics in Society Kalob Lisk Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on July 14, 2016, for Thomas Santangelo’s B406 Business Law and Ethical Behavior course. 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There are various ethical theoriesRead MoreEthics Paper681 Words   |  3 PagesEthics Barbara Avery Ethics/316 April 11, 2012 Monica McMorise EthicsWrite a 350- to 700-word essay comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Include the following in your essay:  · A description of the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality  · A personal experience to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories Read MoreFeminist Thought and Ethics of Care Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesWhile ethics theories often focus on justice, care, an equally valid moral perspective, is usually disregarded because of male bias. The two perspectives are often pleasant-sounding, but a need for care point of view precedence exists. While truth is evident in both these statements, the problem of distinguishing between them becomes apparent soon after. Many feminist look to psychologist Carol Gilligans research for evidence to confirm the difference between characteristically male and femaleRead MoreThe International Relations And Foreign Policies Decisions Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of Ethic in the study of the international relations and in foreign policies decisions by governments and others non-states. The structure of individual estates and how they behave has been influenced by the constitution of the international system. In others words, due to the fact that states behave in an anarchy system, in which is not a high authority that protects them in case that they found themselves into international affairs with others states, it makes that states persuadeRead MoreMoral Theories Can Help Justify The Decisions That Are Made882 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Theories Moral theories can help justify the decisions that are made. Each theory has separate viewpoints in which other theories borrow elements from. Moral theories attempt to explain what it is that makes some actions right and others wrong. These are then used as a guide to making choices. They operate at a more general level than moral or legal principles and rules. The four main groups that one should be aware of are: Utilitarian, Kantian, Aristotelian and Feminist. Utilitarian UtilitarianismRead MoreEssay about Eth 316 Week 1764 Words   |  4 Pagesand virtue theory ethics are three normative approaches to ethics. This paper will go over the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological principles. It will include information of the variations in how each concept details ethics, morality, and it will also discuss a personal experience to describe the correlation between virtue, values, and moral perceptions as they relate to one of the three theories. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Employees with work Free Essays

string(106) " are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study\." The study will analyze he motivating factors that inspire employees to start working and why workers build a career with a small business. The investigation will also explore Job satisfaction and why do employees waste company time completing personal tasks at work. Data was analyzed to determine was there a relation among the variable. We will write a custom essay sample on Employees with work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The result of the study decided whether the hypothesis(s) are supported or rejected. Final Project: Survey Methods Introduction This study was implemented to measure employees’ motivational factors that include job satisfaction and employees’ dedication to performing tasks at work and remaining loyal to their employer. The data collected would make a determination to what factors are successful, what factors need to be eliminated, and what factors should be put in practice in the future. The study was conducted by sending questionnaires to several small businesses in Greenville, MS. Several types of organizations were utilized that provided different type of service and products. The questionnaire had two parts. The first part of the questionnaire was utilized to measure factors that motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer, dedication to their Job, and Job satisfaction. The second part of the questionnaire measured do employees waste company time doing personal tasks. Management / Problem Statement Motivated employees assists organizations to operate efficiently. When employees are not properly motivated, worker are dissatisfied and have low moral. Workers not motivated properly also leads to low quality services and high Job turn over ratio, which leads to the loss of revenue. Motivated employees benefit all organizations. Workers that are inspired require less supervision from their managers. Manager’s interaction will be more of co worker transaction verses a superior transaction. This incept would lead the workers to believe that the manager cares more about the employees, which in return will motivate the employee more. Purpose Statement The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that inspire workers employed by small businesses, with 5 years or less service and 5 years of more services, to remain loyal to their employer. Some small businesses do not have the benefit packages and the retirement plans to offer their employees. Managers of these organizations are faced with the challenge of motivating employees to make a career in their organization. This study will show what forces drives an employee to work or a small business and to make a career at the organization. RSI: (ONE SENTENCE) What motivates workers employed by small businesses, with 5 and less years of service and with 5 and more years of services, to remain loyal to their employer? Investigative Questions The investigative questions for this study Does boredom of not having anything to do in life motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does accomplishment motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does recognition motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does a salary motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does the fear of not finding another Job motivates employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does job satisfaction permits employer to remain loyal to their employer? Because employees are allowed to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Hypotheses (as needed for quantitative or mixed method research) The null hypotheses for this study: HOI : There is no relation between boredom of not having anything to do in life and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no relation between accomplishment and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no elation between recognition and employees remaining loyal to their employer HUH: There is no relation between salary and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HOST: There is no relation of the fear of not finding another Job and employees remaining loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of Job satisfaction why employees remain loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of employees permitted to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Brief Theoretical Framework Brief Conceptual framework The study will be a descriptive research and a casual comparative study. Early theories of motivation and current theories of motivation will be utilized to explain the study. One of the early theories, Moscow Hierarchy of Needs, implies that employees are motivated based on needs being fulfilled such as biological, shelter (Moscow, 1954). One of the latest theory, The Four Drive Theory Models suggest that one of the reasons that employees are motivated because acquire and achieve (Lawrence and Naira,2002) Construct definitions and variables The variables that will be analyzed for this research study are the variables that motivates employees to remain loyal to the organization. The variables are boredom thou a Job, fear of not finding another Job, salary from the Job, accomplishment from the Job, recognition on the Job, Job satisfaction from the Job, and allowed to waste company time by completing personal tasks at work. Construct validity will occur as described as following: â€Å"is demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure are directly related to the variable itself Reflects how close the measure relates to the construct (height and weight example) in one sense, construct validity is achieved by repeatedly demonstrating every other type of validity’ (Arbor, 2006). The variables will be measured utilizing the Liker Scale. The variables will be assigned a value of 1-5. After the variables are measured, the data will be analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Test. The study will show is there a correlation among the variables, how the dependent variables influence the dependent variables, and is there a relation among the two focus groups. Methodology Overview Quantitative study is appropriate for this research because it permits the researcher to list as following because it allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results. Quantitative study also allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. You read "Employees with work" in category "Papers" In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies. The quantitative study also summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time (Pogo, 2007). Survey questionnaire will be utilized to the research study. The survey will consist of 30 questions pertaining to workers’ Job relation. The surveys will be emailed to the participants. The target population will consist of workers from small businesses. Organizations such as medical clinics, pharmacies, grocery stores, cleaners, and other small businesses. The participants will be chosen using purposive sample. After the surveys are received the data will be collected, analyzed, and transformed to Microsoft Excel. Each survey will be coded with an assigned number. Ordinal scale then will be used to measure ND validate the data. The data then will be calculated using SPAS software. The data then will be analyzed to either support or reject the hypothesis. Abridged Literature Review Discuss the key literature you have already searched on this topic†¦ Give us the highlights of previous research- 2 – 3 key authors or previous studies. One to two pages is enough. Taylor (1911) believed that motivating employees involved paying employees’ wages and controlling the employees because workers do not enjoy working. Taylor and his colleagues discovered that motivation is significant component of comprehending human behavior. Taylor Motivation Theory was based on that employees will be motivating by awarding them with training on the Job, pay for outstanding Job performance, employee assortment method, and Job planning (Taylor, 1911). But scientists have a different aspect of motivation. Mayo (1933) Rotisseries and Dickson (1929) stated research concluded that people social needs had to be met for employees to be motivated. Employees had to be treated as human beings and not Just workers. Workers not treated fairly resulted in low moral (Mayo, 1993, Rotisseries Dickson 1929). Moscow (1954) proposed that titivation were based on fives needs. The theory is known as Moscow Hierarchy of Needs. The theory is illustrated by using a pyramid with five levels. Moscow (1954) stated that when one level of need is satisfied, another level of need has to be satisfied for that person to continue to stay motivated. The needs then continue in cycle to keep the person motivated (Moscow, 1943). The five needs are as following: 1. â€Å"Physiological needs – home , food 2. Safety needs – security on the Job, protection 3. Social needs – clubs and membership societies, family. 4. Esteem needs – lifestyle, recognition, promotion, 5. Self-Actualization needs – successful† (Moscow, 1943 Moscow, 1954). Herbert Motivation Theory is very significant in comprehending the relation between employers and employees. Herbert (1959) stated the factors that motivate people in their organization totally oppose what displease employees at work. The theory consists of two needs hygienic needs and motivation factors (Herbert, 1968). The hygienic needs are listed as following: 1 . Policy 2. Relationship with supervisor 3. Work conditions 4. Salary 5. Company car 6. Status 7. Security 8. Relationship with subordinates 9. Personal life The motivation factors are as following: . Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Work itself 4. Responsibility 5. Advancement Herrings research concluded that money along was not a motivator. Salaries were ranked low as a factor that motivated employees to work. Employees want promotions and opportunity to advance in companies. The study also proposed that employees were more satisfied with opportunities and recognitions. Herbert Theory is considered one of the most important theories out of the motivation theories (Herbert, 1954, Herbert, 1968, Gazelle, 1997). Current Work on Motivation Theories David McClellan, a psychologist, created the motivation need theory. McClellan believed Mascots theory was exhausted by people values and social issues. The research that the psychologist conducted concluded that Moscow theory was an assumption and not proven (Shih, 1999). The theory consists of three motivation needs. The three needs are as following: 1 . Achievement motivation 2. Authority/power motivation 3. Affiliation motivation (McClellan, 1961). McClellan (1961) stated that achievement motivation is one of the major factors that motivate people. Employees that achieve success and become managers and build a career at a company are usually the ones that get things done (McClellan, 1961). Victory Broom developed a motivation theory in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory. The theory approached motivation from a different perspective from Moscow and Herbert (Broom, 1964). The theory is based on that the employees are motivated by rewards. The employees perform well because the results will result in better benefits. The employees are not motivated by individual performance, but by the results of the Jobs. The employees understand that skills, resources, and information are the essentials for better performance (Abdul-Zee, Airwomen, Dropout, 2011). Lawrence and Naira (2002) stated that employees are motivated ruptures wages and payment. The perspective is known as the Four Drive Theory Model. The four drives are listed as following: 1 . Acquire and Achieve -base pay 2. Bond Belong- company employee 3. Challenged and Comprehend- learning the Job 4. Define and Defend-company culture Sample Overview Population The population used for this research study will consist of workers that are employed by Small business owners. Several small businesses located in Greenville, MS will be used for the study. (House. Gob, 2013) Sampling frame Employees from various types of small businesses that offer different type of rodents and services. Workers with 5 and less years of service and workers with 5 and more years of service. Both genders also will be utilized for the study. In using 93 % with ay % margin of error, 200 participants have to be utilized. In using survey, the expected rate of return is about 10 %. To obtain this rate 2000 surveys will be e- mailed out (Pogo, 2007). Desired sample Purposive Sampling will be utilized to choose the members of the population. Purposive sampling is used because the researcher has knowledge of the small businesses in Greenville, MS (Pogo, 2007). Ethical Considerations In conducting a research study, researcher have to practice ethical principles. In using people to participate in a study to obtain personal information, examiners have to ensure the participants that their personal information will be protected. In conducting research some of the critical ethical questions related to my survey and my methodology and protecting participants are listed as following: 1 . What are the main ethical issues in a research study obtaining personal information from people? The researcher should ensure the safety of the participants. The research will not harm them in anyway. Also informed the participants that a consent form will be provided to them and is required to obtain information. Finally informed the participants that their information will be kept confidential (Groves et al. , 2009). 2. What are the components of an ethically valid informed consent for research? Major components of an ethically valid informed consent for research are listed as following: A. Disclosure. The participants must know what the research study is a about. B. Understanding. The participants must be able to comprehend the survey and allowed to ask questions about the study. C. Voluntaries. How to cite Employees with work, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Case Study on Green IT

Question: Case Study on Green IT. Answer: Introduction Green IT is the process which involves the effective usage of all the resources involved in IT department also by increasing the total performance. In order to have the sustainable Green IT, the following should work in integration, power management, fundamental, technology to improve cooling, recycling, completeupsurgingof the IT sector. Recent studies have revealed that power consumption alone by the IT department is nearly 50% of the total consumption of theorganization. With the Green IT itis expectedthat the costwill be reduced, butactually,very less efforthas been made. The aim of the Green IT is to create awarenessandencourage the IT industries to adopt the policies for encouraging the environment-friendly technologies.The Australian Information Industries Association (AIIA) and the Australasian Association for Information Systems (AAIS) have shown their support inSIGsActivities. The Conceptualization of Green IT is toincorporatetheeco-sustainabilityat various levels in the ex isting IT department. The major aim in adopting Green IT is toincorporatethe present generations needs without negotiating with the future generations environmental conditions. The three sustainability pillars are theenvironment, society and economy (Rao Holt , 2006). In order to understand the clear meaning of GreenITlets havea look at the literature review of theinfrastructureof IT department. There is a green supply chain which involvesthe integration ofthe environment in designing the product, its resource, the manufacture of the product, distribution and management ofthe destruction ofthe product all thisshould beeco-friendly (Srivastava, 2007).The IT companys main focus is to deal with the output of the data center. IT companies have been taking the initiative for Green IT by improving technologies, decreasing the power consumption, cooling and the cost of real estate involved in data center operation. Instead,Green IT is more than thisrather thanjust focusing only on technologies relatedhardware, practicesshould beacquired for soft businesses also (Rasmussen Williams, 2006). So Green IT is not justthe application ofgreening on ITartifacts, but also using the IT for achieving sustainability in the enterprise. It is actually involving of the environmental factor during formation of policies at various levels of operation, at the human infrastructure than at managerial level also. Discussion As the Internet based business is growingat a rapid ratenow, which ismetamorphicallytermed as Cloud IT. The energyutilizedfor running these upgraded technologies are the major cause for industries turning toward Green IT. In the past few years with the excessive use of environmental, energy which has further led to increased carbon generation, both these above factors have led to have Green IT. With the growing demand, there has been the rapid expansion of the data centers at an increased cost of IT, which has, in turn, caused the excessive increase in energy consumption resulting in having adetrimentaleffect on the environment. The data centers of the IT companies accounts forapproximately50 % of the power consumption bill of the total company bill and accounting nearly half of the waste in the form of corporate carbon. Even though the rate at which energy is consumed and the cost involved is the keyfactorfor Green IT, but the risk involved along with it of climatic change has alar med the issue globally (Society, 2016). Now the government has become aware and increasingly forcing the industries to adopt more and more Green IT practices in their system. No doubt the use of Green IT has its impact on business so companies will keep its focus on reducing the costand alsofocus on improving its technology of energy consumption in data centers. The first initiative toward this changewill not becompleted towards the end of ecological damage. The first wave will be more driven to reduce the cost of the business and making the potential for Green IT products. As more and more ecological issuesare being raisedwith the IT products and its complete process needs totakecare of. Even though the market seemsto bechanging as now vendors are also distinguishing the product and their services on the basis of energy consumed and its costs. Definitely, the benefitwill be deliveredwith time when the company itself willrealizethe environmental and social responsibility. Then came the second wave, which was more focused onthe sustainability ofthe product and its services. In this, companies have made an effort to bring the change in Green IT by adopting the strategies for the benefit of ecology (Rouse, 2016). The changed business model includes, change in behavior and the culture of the organization,new innovationsin the technology is the demand of the hour, redefine market all this will work in unison for new business models for integrating its environmental and civil responsibility. Factors responsible for adopting Green IT Improved Technology at rapid rate With the growing facility, the dependency has also increased for electronic data, which in turn demanding a number of data centers. At very fast pace, people adopted this new technology of communication and transferring data. Its usage has increased and reached to every sector involved in the government sector storing large data, legal documents have made the process simpler and easier. Not only this entertainment sector has completely seen vast change, industries like banking, healthcare, real estate, transportation etc have seen large benefits because of this evolution. Not only this many federal, local and state government agencieswere seenchanging the strategies by implying the web services for their work (Mortleman, 2010). Development in Equipment Advance CPUs were introduced of higher performances with decreased power consumption capacity per CPU, but there was the flaw in this development, such CPUs require more servers with higher performances with an enhanced memory space. Which resulted in more power consumption. Not only this, more servers needed more space to be placed. Further development was introduced which invented smaller servers with larger capacity. Now by increasing the packaging density it led to an increase of power density. This increased power density led to more power consumption, it was much more than in comparison to the previous one it was nearly more than ten folds. Earlier which was 300 watts for each square foot in 1996 in 2007 it reached to 4000 watts for each square foot. Demand for increased cooling As the power density of the server was increased, the demand for increased cooling came as complimentary with this development as each data center started experiencing increased heat density (O'Flynn, 2011). Enhanced energy cost As the power consumption and cooling expenditure have increased for the data centers. More expenditure will be required by the increase in energy consumption at each data center. With the increase in the number of server and data centers and with the latest ongoing approach followed by the industries for carbon capping and marketing scheme, the cost tends to increase tremendously (Nguyen, 2011). Decreased server application The efficiency of the data has become the major problem. On an average, only 5-10 % of the server was utilized at big data centers. Which means actualutilizationis very less and power consumption compared to its effective usage is quite large for servers, which means companies are paying a huge amount as compared to little work done. The Impact of IT on an environment Carbon is emitted as the by-product of the IT product usage, which is directly proportional to the amount of energy used. In 2007 nearly 45 million servers were working worldwide, consuming approximately 0.52 % of total electricity. It is expected if the scenario continues like this than by every year carbon emission will grow by more than 11.1%, which will lead to 342 metric megatons till 2020 (Olson, 2008). Strategy Guideline The transition of IT to Green IT is a comprehensive process as it involves various strategies of applying different approaches toamendthe current working policies and condition in order to improve the efficiency of the operations at the data centers. The main aim is to focus on lowering the cost along with reducing the impingement on the environment caused by computing. Undoubtedly, this transition is a comprehensive approach which involves integration at various levels of power, then cooling with more efficient hardware, improved softwares etc. Infrastructure of the Data Centers Infrastructure includes the following equipment storage devices, network equipment, chillers, pumps, power supplies, fans, etc. The data centers whose infrastructureswere madepast ten years, theirequipmenthas reached the end life so they neededto bechanged. As the outdatedequipmentsare inefficient and they consume more energy (Bose Luo, 2011). The outdated data centers consume nearly double or three times more power and they also need more cooling. So here the strategy is to set up a new datacenter with the latest and more efficiently designedequipmentsor recycle the existing one. Managing the Power Effective managing softwares for the power and distribution of the workload can actually save nearly $60-80 on each desktop per month and this is more for servers. Power management softwares are designed to regulate the processor by understanding its power states so that it can distribute the workload according to the desired requirement. Processor power act like a good manager who understand the need of the server when the workload is less it conserves the power (Bose, 2011 ). Companies have understood that the laptop has better power management ability as compared to the desktop. Management of heat Technology has improved and has become compact because of which power density has raised in data centers, whichhas leadto the need for efficient andSkillful heat dissipation equipments (Wrong, 2005). Emblematic strategies whichhave been followedfor the thermal managementofmore effective cooling equipment, smart thermostats, also data centerswere designedwith raised floor. Product designing Latest products are designed with improved technologies, like microprocessor which was introduced in 2002 was having nearly 50% better performance from the processor in 1982. Even though energy consumption by the server continued to upsurge relatively in proportion with the new improved server. Multi-core microprocessor were introduced which runs on low voltage and at low speed than to those compared to the processors which run faster and consume more energy. A scaling component of the microprocessor helps to manage the fluctuating workload. Still the existing microprocessor which works at low level consumes more energy. The strategy is to have the microprocessor which works in accordance with work the performance (UNSW Business School, 2011). Virtualization Virtualization is the support system on which latest computing system relies upon. Virtualization in data center affects the following areas: hardware of the server and its operating system, network, storing capacity, type of infrastructure (Molla, 2009). Visualization works by enhancing the server utilization by incorporating the more applications on few servers. Conclusion As the business is increasing, government and NGOs have started realizing the problem caused to the environment by the IT sector. Now the consumers are becoming more responsible and aware about the current condition so they support the use of sustainable product and its usage. So now IT companies were initially forced to to have Green IT product now they themselves have started taking the initiative for the same. Virtualization has great impact on technology as well as on the business processes. Implementing the new advanced techniques with less energy consumption with more power and increased in space microprocessor. As to plan better environment for our future generation. Bibliography Bose, R., 2011 . Integrative framework for assessing firms' potential to undertake Green IT initiatives via virtualization - A theoretical perspective. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems , March, 20(1), pp. 38-54 . Bose, R. Luo, X., 2011. Integrative framework for assessing firms potential to undertake Green IT initiatives via virtualization A theoretical perspective. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems , March, 20(1), p. 3854. Molla, A., 2009. GREEN IT DIFFUSION: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON Mortleman, J., 2010. Weighing the benefits of green IT. Weighing the benefits of green IT, 12 February. Nguyen, D., 2011. Australia lagging on Green IT: Report. Australia lagging on Green IT: Report, 20 September. O'Flynn, A., 2011. GREEN IT: THE GLOBAL BENCHMARK Olson, E., 2008. Creating an enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level green strategy. Journal of Business Strategy, 29(2), pp. 22 - 30. Rao, P. Holt , D., 2006. Do green supply chains lead to competitiveness and economic performance?. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 25(9), pp. 898 - 916. Rasmussen, C. E. Williams, C., 2006. Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning: MIT Press. Rouse, M., 2016. Green IT (green information technology). Green IT (green information technology) . Society, A. C., 2016. Green IT: Mission and objectives. Green IT. Srivastava, S. K., 2007. Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review. IJMR, 28 February, 9(1), p. 5380. UNSW Business School, 2011. Green IT: A Costcutting Strategy Beyond Switching Off the Screensaver. Green IT: A Costcutting Strategy Beyond Switching Off the Screensaver, 19 July. Wrong, V., 2005. Marketing Strategies and Market Prospects for Environmentally-Friendly Consumer Products. BJM, 21 March, 7(3), p. 263281.

Friday, November 29, 2019

The Arts Of Selling By Aldous Huxley A Questionnaire Essay Paper Example For Students

The Arts Of Selling By Aldous Huxley: A Questionnaire Essay Paper The Arts of Selling (Aloud Huxley) 1. Democracy depends on the ability of large numbers to people to make realistic choices in the light Of adequate information; and, a dictatorship, on the other hand, maintains itself by censoring or distorting the facts, and by appealing, not to reason, not to enlightened self-interest, but to passion and prejudice, to the powerful hidden forces present in the unconscious depths of every human mind. 2, the two faces of propaganda in America are like Jelly and Hyde. The first one appeals to truth and reason, whilst the other sakes advantage from peoples ignorance, and exploits their irrationality for the pecuniary benefit of his employers. 3. Hyde investigates peoples unconscious simply in order to find out the best way to take advantage of their ignorance and to exploit their irrationality for the pecuniary benefit of his employers. 4. Legend a free enterprise System commercial propaganda by any and every means is absolutely indispensable. We will write a custom essay on The Arts Of Selling By Aldous Huxley: A Questionnaire Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But what is demonstrably good in the sphere Of economics may be far from good for men and women as voters or even as human beings. Motivational analysts use a bland cynicism. The sphere of economics use methods Of mass persuasion, and is immerse in a technologically advanced democratic society (sphere of morality and honesty). 5. It is easier inasmuch as almost everyone starts out with a prejudice in favor of beer, cigarettes and iceboxes, whereas almost nobody starts out with a prejudice in favor of tyrants. It is more difficult inasmuch as the commercial propagandist is not permitted, by the rules of his particular game, to appeal to the more savage instincts of his public. 6. The mild approach is less exciting than the violent nee because in the short run anger and hatred pay high dividends in the form to psychological and even (since they release large quantities to adrenalin and noradrenalin) physiological satisfaction , whilst the mild approach doesnt, 7, Anger and hatred in the short run produce adrenalin and noradrenalin. They pay dividends in the form of physiological and psychological satisfaction, 8. Hitler kept repeating such words as hatred, force, ruthless, crush, smash: and he would accompany these violent words with even more violent gestures. He would yell, he would scream, his veins would swell, his face would turn rupee. Strong emotion (as every actor and dramatist knows) is in the highest degree contagious. 3. Symbols represent something more than the product itself. 0. The principles that underlie the propaganda Of symbols are: find some common desire, some widespread unconscious fear or anxiety; think out some way to relate this Wish or fear to the product you have to sell; then build a bridge of verbal or pictorial symbols over which your customer can pass from fact to compensatory dream, and from the dream to the illusion that your product, when purchased, will make the dream come true. 1. In every case the motivation analyst has found some deep-seated wish or fear, whose energy can be used to move the consumer to part with cash and so, indirectly, to turn the wheels of industry. Stored in the minds and bodies of countless individuals, this potential energy is released by, and transmitted along, a line of symbols carefully laid out so as to bypass rationality and obscure the real issue. 12. The rites and prompts Of religion are symbols that take effect by being disproportionately impressive, haunting and fascinating in their own right. They strengthen faith here it already exists and, where there is no faith, contribute to conversion. 13. They appeal to the aesthetic sense, they guarantee neither the truth nor the ethical value Of the doctrines With Which they have been, quite arbitrarily, associated. 14. 15. The attempts of commercial propagandists are constantly being made to beautify the billboards with striking posters, the advertising pages of magazines with lively drawings and photographs. Their ideal is a moderate excellence. 6, Another disproportionately fascinating symbol is the Singing Commercial, Singing Commercials are a recent invention; but the Singing Theological and the Singing Devotional the hymn and the psalm are as old as religion itself. Singing Militaries, or marching songs, are coeval with war, and Singing Patriotic, the precursors of our national anthems, were doubtless used to promote group solidarity, to emphasize the distinction between us and them, by the wandering bands of Paleolithic hu nters and food gatherers, To most people music is intrinsically attractive. .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .postImageUrl , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:hover , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:visited , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:active { border:0!important; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:active , .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u962a75549d795e58827a7cef7ac0b3bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition Application Internship EssayMoreover, melodies tend to ingrain themselves in the listeners mind. 17. A tune will haunt the memory during the whole of lifetime. Set the words to a catchy and easily remembered tune. Immediately they become words of power. Moreover, the words will tend automatically to repeat themselves every time the melody is heard or spontaneously remembered: the power of sound with the conditioned reflex. 18. For the commercial propagandist, as for his colleagues in the fields of politics and religion, music possesses yet another advantage. Nonsense Which it would be shameful for a reasonable being to write, speak or hear spoken can be sung or listened to by that same rational being With pleasure and even With a kind Of intellectual conviction. Thanks to compulsory education and the rotary press, the propagandist has been able, for many years past, to convey his messages to virtually every adult in every civilized country. Today, thanks to radio and television, he is in the happy position of being able to communicate even with unschooled adults and not yet literate children. 9. Children, as might be expected, are highly susceptible to propaganda. They are ignorant of the world and its ways, and therefore completely unsuspecting. 20, Dictators and would-be dictators have been considering the profits they could make, and the rower they could achieve if they can condition a million or ten million children, who will grow up into adults trained to buy their products. 21. The larger the constituency, the less the value of any particular vote. The candidates are at the top of the pyramid of power. Theoretically they are the seer »ants of the people; but in fact it is the servants who give orders and the people, far off at the base of the great pyramid, who must obey. Increasing population and advancing technology have resulted in an increase in the number and complexity of organizations, an increase in the amount of power concentrated in the hands of officials and a corresponding decrease in the amount of control exercised by electors, coupled with a decrease in the publics regard for democratic procedures. 22 scientific selection of appeals and planned repetition. Radio spot announcements and ads Will repeat phrases With a planned intensity. + Billboards will push slogans of proven power. Rich voices and good diction, to be able to look sincerely at the TV camera. 23. Interviews in depth are meant to reveal the unconscious fears and wishes most prevalent in a given society at the time Of an election. Phrases and images mimed at allaying or, if necessary, enhancing these fea rs, at satisfying these wishes, at least symbolically, are then chosen by the experts, tried out on readers and audiences, changed or improved in the light of the information thus obtained. 4. All that is needed is money and a candidate who can be coached to look sincere. The personality of the candidate and the way he is projected by the advertising experts are the things that really matter. In one way or another, as vigorous he-man or kindly father, the candidate must he glamorous. He must also be an entertainer who never bores his audience. Inured to television and radio, that audience is accustomed to being distracted and does not like to be asked to concentrate or make a prolonged intellectual effort. All speeches by the entertainer-candidate must therefore be short and snappy. The great issues of the day must be dealt with in five minutes at the most and preferably in sixty seconds flat. 25, The nature of oratory is such that there has always been a tendency among politicians and clergymen to over-simplify complex issues. Prom a pulpit or a platform even the most conscientious of speakers finds it very difficult to tell the whole truth.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Learning at College Essay

Learning at College Essay Learning at College Essay Learning at college University is supposed to be a place of knowledge, where students and teachers alike take part in the activity of nurturing bright minds. I believe that college is a time for learning – but not only about academics. In my opinion, it is a time for learning about one’s own self. Personal growth and development are key components of the college years and an opportunity to study at a top college would offer endless possibilities toward accomplishing those ends. As a society, we place much importance on "education", as compared to real learning and accomplishment. Is college for everyone? As a society, the answer is "yes, as long as you can find some way to afford it". But what happens at college? Students are educated in many areas, but how much do they learn? With every resource imaginable handed to students like disposable cutlery, one would expect the next Mark Zuckerburg to be graduating from highly renowned colleges like U of I among the next batch. My argument is whether students at colleges actually learn what they’re taught or if they just float in the mind-set of achieving good grades and then applying for a job right after. Students graduate with reputable degrees but are they really satisfied with the amount they learn? Are employers satisfied with the students being hired? My plan is to propose a survey to common UIUC students and record their response. Once that is done I’ll be comparing the statistics to further strengthen or dispute my argument. The questions included in the survey were 1- The range of a student’s current cumulative GPA, 2- How satisfied they were with that GPA, 3- How confident they were that their GPA would improve, 4- How satisfied they were with how much they learn from a particular course, and 5- If they were given a job today how well would they perform. The survey responses categorized most students to be among the 2.5-3 GPA range and a not so surprising satisfaction scale of 7-9 out of 10. This determines that students are achieving a borderline average grade and hence they stay satisfied because it’s all they’re aiming for. Since they aren’t on probation they feel confident in their academic capability and think they’re in the green. When asked how confident they were that they’ll be able to improve their GPA, a whopping majority answered from 6-9 out of 10. It is evidently visible that students believe they can perform better than they already are because they aren’t putting in their 100% i.e. completely â€Å"learning† what they’re taught. Students believe they can do better and pull their GPA up but the truth is that once a student goes through a majority of their college credit, let’s say 60 hours then it’s almost impossible for a student that has a GPA like 3.0 to go up to a 3.5 or so without achieving 4.0 or almost 4.0 every remaining semester in his/her college life. In a world as competitive as ours a mere 3.0 is not likely to land a job anywhere. The next question in the survey was going to either be my boon or bane. Students when asked how satisfied they were with the amount they learn from a particular course, a vast majority again replied as being averagely satisfied. People answered the as close to 5 as possible since they weren’t completely sure about what to write. They don’t know how much they learn, if they don’t learn. This statement is strengthened by the next question in the survey; Students were asked how confident they were about their performance, if they were to start working today. Most people were either lacking confidence or not confident at all. This shows that while learning supposedly takes place all the time we’re just taught how to get good grades. A college degree is overrated at best. Most true learning that does take place at college is on the students' own time. While some professors may offer question and answer times, most lecture during class and expect the students to manage their incomprehension by means of

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Internal Environment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internal Environment - Coursework Example The company diversified from being limited to computers to offer unique products like iPhone, iPod etc. In addition, Apple has strong R&D that has enabled create a competitive edge over its competitors, due to constant innovation resulting from the ability of perceiving trends in behaviors, gathering points and development of high quality products (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2012). Further, Apple’s contemporary & unique design of its stores and excellent customer services from skilled and knowledgeable workers is another capability that has enabled Apple maintain a strong presence in the industry. That notwithstanding, Apple has internal weakness such as management changes, high products prices resulting from uncontrolled innovation, which does not consider consumer budgets, incompatibility of its OS with other OS etc. Therefore, to be able to maintain a strong position globally, Apple needs to incorporate consumer ability in terms of prices of products lieu of only focusing on satisfaction, when it formulates it R&D policies, which are the key pillars of innovation at Apple because in the past the company has only focused on developing high quality products which are too expensive for consumers to afford resulting to inability of the company creating customer

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Greenpower Car Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Greenpower Car - Assignment Example Introduction The components that will be analyzed here will heretofore include: 1) the brake disc which is made out of metal; and 2) the tyre which is made out of rubber. The Metal The metal on the brake disc is key as a component. The metal that is usually used on cars is metal that is made out of various kinds of metals that are mixed together—often known as combined metals. Brake discs made out of these metals are made with various different types of metal mixed together because the recombinant metals are stronger when mixed with each other. So, instead of just using pure silver—which is very soft, by itself and in its most purest form—a little bit of silver may be mixed with large amounts of other types of metals, including copper, bronze, and iron, in varying amounts. It really depends upon what the exact type of object is that is being formed, but, without a doubt—for brake discs, mixed or recombinant metals are definitely a major factor in deciding how to put a product together. Without a doubt, the metal that is used in brake discs goes a long way in terms of determining what type of metal will be therefore utilized for the ultimate design of the car. The Rubber Tyres are obviously going to be a big component of the car. And of course, the main focus about the tyre is going to be on the rubber in the tyres. Usually, rubber is used for various parts of the car that require a malleable material to produce a product. Rubber is actually a form of plastic—and it can be highly useful in terms of designing a car. For tyres, rubber can be extremely helpful in determining how a car part will be produced. Rubber is an at-times harder form of plastic which is useful in the production of several various auto parts—including, of course, the tyres. Of course, it would definitely depend upon the car part being produced, but generally speaking, for tyres, rubber is perfect for being integrated in the actual car part itself. Rub ber has many uses where car manufacturers simply do not want or need to have very expensive parts utilized—and this is especially true of tyres, which can turn out to be very expensive. Further, it is better to place rubber products in a car where metals are not necessary. It’s very difficult to ascertain, but usually where plastic or rubber will suffice, it is used at every turn. For certain, it is probably most important that either plastic or rubber can be used for several various purposes, and that is why it is so helpful as a substance. Conclusion Whether it is metal or rubber that is used for brake disc(s) and tyre(s), both of these substances have most certainly had a profound effect on the way cars have been produced. Metals—usually combined metals—are utilized in order to make several different parts of the car. Of course, metal is not to be outrivaled by rubber—and also, alternatively, plastic—when it comes to having to use it in o rder to put extra parts on a car. Metal and rubber are both invaluable parts of any car for brake discs and tyres respectively, and it is hoped that these elements will be more utilized in the future in order to compete in a global economy. Metal and rubber are two very necessary substances in order to produce cars. Therefore, the production of metal and rubber must continue to be encouraged in foreign countries where such substances are supposedly produced more cheaply. No

Monday, November 18, 2019

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Managing Diversity - Essay Example Diversity in an organization or the work place can only be practiced or appreciated by recognizing the fact that discrimination can create a serious disadvantage to a particular group of employees or workers while at the same time bestowing privilege on others. Managing diversity in a place of work or organization increases the productivity of the employees in that particular organization. Managing diversity at the place of work or organization is important as it creates and maintains a conducive work environment, which incorporates both differences and similarities of the employees. Several studies and research have confirmed that managing diversity at the work place or organization results into increased commitment and satisfaction by employees or workers in their duties thus leading to an increase in returns. Managing diversity in the organization may involve the proper balance of gender in that persons of different sexes are allowed to perform similar duties or functions. This is aimed at bringing a positive work environment through the incorporation of both gender is incorporated as it brings into consideration the value of both similarities and differences of employees. This makes each and every employee or worker realize their potential thus maximizing the overall contribution they make in order for the company to increase productivity and achieve its goals and objectives. Discrimination based on the gender of an employee continues in most organizations, for example in some organizations women are and feel discriminated against at all levels of their employment (Gregory, 2003). There is therefore need to diversify the roles each gender plays at the work place or organization. Managing diversity at the work place therefore entails the respect and acceptance of employees of both sexes as equal partners in the work place through the recognition of the employees and their uniquely acquired skills. This would include overcoming barriers or stereotypes that hi nder the participation of some people in some duties in the organization. For example, the belief that that women are not good in industrial or technical jobs can be done away in order to accord everyone an equal opportunity at the work place. Successful management of diversity of employees in the work place or an institution has a direct effect in improving the performance of all employees in the organization. Extensive research has shown that management of diversity by incorporation of both men and women in the work place has direct impact in the results achieved as a heterogeneous team that composed of both men and women perform better at the work place as compared to teams made up of only men or women (Barbara, 1988). Organizational Strategies and Policies Cox and Blake (1991) have argued that having an organization with a diverse work force results into decisions that are better, creative and innovative while at the same time resulting into a flexible organization that apprecia tes divergent thinking. It may also make the organization attract and retain the best talents thus ensuring a greater capability in marketing. These can

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Geological Applications of the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen

Geological Applications of the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen Bruce Botton Hard rock, geological applications of the stable isotopes of nitrogen. Introduction. Gammon and Ebbing book of general chemistry define isotope as â€Å"an atom with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. So isotopes are just different forms of a single element.†[ Gammon, Ebbing. (2005). (8th ed., p. 467)] There are two broader definitions of isotopes, light isotopes are elements that are lighter (contain less neutrons) than the common more stable element (eg. 12O,26S and 34Cl) and Heavy isotopes are the atom contains greater number of neutrons than the most common form( eg. Fe, Cu and Zn). Focusing on light stable isotopes in low temperature environments such as H, C and O and with specific reference to Nitrogen isotopes. Below are a few properties of light stable elements: They are usually of low atomic masses. The mass difference between the heavy, uncommon isotopes and the common light isotopes is usually very large. The lighter elements form bonds with more covalent properties. These light elements form a large number of compounds that are found in the natural environment. Exist in more than one oxidation state. The relative abundances of isotopes are high enough for precise determination of isotropic ratios by mass spectrometry. Sedimentary rocks, low grade igneous and metamorphic rocks (ie. That form at temperatures of 350 degrees Celsius and less) are the type of rocks that we are expecting to find these stables isotopes of interest. Any temperature above this constitutes as high temperature geochemistry. The use of isotopes in analysis of rocks is of increasing popularity, it uses the variations in isotope abundance of various elements to determine certain properties of a rock. These properties that are available are origin and age of the rocks; air or water bodies and even to see if there has been any mixing of magmas to change the composition of the rocks. Stable isotope geochemistry is mainly focussed on the isotropic variations from mass dependant isotope fractionation as compared with radiogenic isotope geochemistry which uses the products of natural radioactive decay (eg. Half lives). Equation 1. Enrichment factor equation. Many isotopes the amount of fractionation that an atom or body of molecules undergoes is very small (both kinetic or equilibrium), so small measured in parts per thousand or less. The formula above shows us the enrichment factor that is present in a sample. This formula uses the ratio of heavy isotopes to light isotopes as compared with a standard sample. So for nitrogen we will be using 15N/14N For the purpose of this assignment, we are focusing on the use of nitrogen and its two isotopes 14N and 15N in the analysis of hard rocks. Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless tasteless and most commonly a diatomic non metal gas, it actually makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere. Not only is it over three quarters of our atmosphere but it is a part of all living tissues and is an essential part of life as it is part of DNA and therefore important in the genetic code and the evolution of life. The nitrogen cycle (figure below) is an essential part of existence on earth. Nitrogen cycle. Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of the Nitrogen cycle.[ Petrucci, et al (2002). (8th ed., pp. 887–889). Prentice Hall.] There are 9 stages of the nitrogen cycle, there is no start point the nitrogen cycle is a complex, continous and simultaneous system. Nitrogen fixation: this is a chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is transformed into organic compoundsby microorganisms. N2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NH4+ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   N-org Ammonification: this process is a conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium by bacteria. N-org à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NH4+ Nitrification: this is a process by which a nitro group is substituted for another group in organic compound. NH4+ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NO2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NO3 Assimilation: is the conversion of nutriment into a usable form that is incorporated into human tissue and organs after digestion NH4+ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   N-org Dentrification: is a process by which microbacteria breaks down a nitrate to produce N2. NO3 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NO2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NO à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   N2O à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   N2 Volatilization: in this instance it is when liquid ammonium is transformed into ammonia gas. NH4+ à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   NH3 gas Case studies: Nitrogen isotopes in peridotitic diamonds from Fuxian, China: the mantle signature. Nitrogen is of low abundance in the earth’s mantle due to lack of knowledge. But fibrous diamonds are a N rich form and are associated with MORB vesicles these have been tested and give a ÃŽ ´Ã‚ ­15N value of -5†°, the reason for a negative value is due to it being a relative value to the external sources (atmosphere) This has lead people to believe in the heterogeneous accretion model of the earth. In Pierre Cartigny et al experimental procedure they separated diamonds into broad categories, type 1 has no nitrogen and type 2 does not contain any Nitrogen. These abnormalities are linked to diffusion process and might help tell us if diamonds formed in multiple steps. The nitrogen and the ÃŽ ´15N were measured with accuracy  ±2.5% and 0.5% respectively. After IR analysis 25% of the diamonds taken from Pipe 50 were determined as type 2 , and the remainder a mixture of type 1 and 2 diamonds. These ‘mixed diamonds’ are separate platelets compacted together, this zonation of the aggregated states of type 1 and type 2 platelets conform that the octahedrally shaped diamonds growth was over a extended period. 25% of the samples that were analyzed were found to have a lower value of a ÃŽ ´Ã‚ ­15N the in previous works ranging from -12†° to -25†° and the nitrogen concentrations vary from 0 to 1473 ppm. Below figure 2 shows us the ÃŽ ´ 15N histogram which show us fibrous diamonds from all over the World and the octahedrally shaped diamonds from pipe 50, the result as can be seen is that they are based around the same value ( -7†° and -5†°). These results are coincidently similar to the ÃŽ ´13C; this shows us that the fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during non fibrous diamond growth is unlikely. The growth of octahedral shaped diamonds should be seen as a large open system with limited supply of volatiles and periods of time in which resorption can occur. Geochemical evidence shows fibrous and peridotitic diamonds originate from similar sources, believed to be the convecting asthenosphere with values of ÃŽ ´Ã‚ ­15N being -5  ± 2 and -4.5  ±1†° respectively. If we wanted to strengthen this argument we would have to look at Diamonds that are found in the lower mantle. These diamonds would originate from a less degassed mantle, this would mean that there wou ld be little to no nitrogen present. If the nitrogen content is controlled by rate of growth rather than the carbon nitrogen ratio of the fluid, this means that there will be little or no correlation between N and ÃŽ ´Ã‚ ­15N, and even less between ÃŽ ´13C and nitrogen which is present in this case. [ Geà ¢ochimie, et al. (1997). Terra Nova, 9(4), 175–179.] Figure 2. histogram comparing ÃŽ ´15N values of diamonds from pipe 50 kimberlites and previously analysed fibrous diamonds.[ Geà ¢ochimie, et al. (1997). Terra Nova, 9(4), 175–179.] Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the ocean floor basalts. The concentration of stable isotope ratios in fresh basalts on the sea floor provides us with information on abundance and isotope ratio of volatile elements in the upper mantle and crust. Samples were taken from less than 10mm from billow basalt ridges and then other samples were taken from the inner portions of the pillows where the groundmass ranges from glassy to crypto-crystalline. The isotropic ratios ÃŽ ´ was atmospheric nitrogen and the uncertainties was  ±1†°. The contents and the ratio of nitrogen present in the ocean floor basalts range from 0.3 – 2.8 ppm and from -0.4†° – 0.8†°. The nitrogen that was attained was of one order of magnitude bigger than the blank nitrogen cycle. This said but the uncertainties in the experiment were rather large  ±1†°, this is due to the small sample sizes. This said, the discrepancy of the isotope ratios should not be taken to be significant but the uniformity of the isotropic ratio and their similarity to the N2 ­ in the air should be emphasized. Nitrogen’s most common form in igneous rocks is in the form of N2 ­ and ammonia. When nitrogen vapour is in contact with magma it would most likely exist as N2, but if it is in the magma it will most likely be in the form of ammonia. The nitrogen in the magma itself will most likely escape as N2 from ascending magma and decreasing confining pressure and will act as a alkaline cation when undergoing fractional crystallization and therefore will be more evolved in a more evolved magma. As Degassing and fractional crystallization proceed NH+4 is enriched relative to N ­2, and NH3 would become depleted and more enriched in 15N this means that 15N/14N in igneous rocks increases with decreasing nitrogen content. According to Sakai, H et al. The average ÃŽ ´ 15N of magmatic crust, atmosphere and sedimentary rocks are 4.2, 0 and 5.2†° respectively. Therefore the global distributions of nitrogen isotopes have been interpreted as the result of out gassing of magma and fractiona tion between N2 and NH+4. ÃŽ ´15N found in MORB are close to the crustal values and therefore can be said to support the above model. Conclusion: Finally in conclusion we can see the importance of nitrogen not only in the atmosphere and our very being. But we can see that there are uses for the stable isotopes in the continued attempts to try and understand the Earth’s history and origin. Reference list: Gammon, Ebbing. (2005). General Chemistry. (R. Stratton, Ed.) (8th ed., p. 467). New york: Charles Hartford. Geà ¢ochimie, L. De, Physique, I. De, Vii, U. D. P., Cnrs, U. R. A., Cartigny, P., Boyd, S. R., Harris, J. W., et al. (1997). Nitrogen isotopes in peridotitic diamonds from Fuxian , Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: the mantle signature. Terra Nova, 9(4), 175–179. Petrucci, Harwood, Herring. (2002). General Chemistry. (J. Challice, Ed.) (8th ed., pp. 887–889). Prentice Hall. Sakai, H., Des Marais, D. J., Ueda, a, Moore, J. G. (1984). Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 48, 2433–41. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540821 Sharp, Z(2007), Principles of stable isotopes Geochemistry. Prentice Hall,NJ.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

George Roy Hills Film, The Sting :: Movie Film Essays

George Roy Hill's Film (Movie), The Sting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Sting is a classic story of revenge for the death of a good friend. Instead of the revenge being an eye for an eye, Hill has the leading characters get their revenge by coning the ,man responsible for the death, out of his money. Within the first ten minutes you are grabbed into the film. Hill breaks the conformity of other films by making the leading characters con-men. This is very different from other films because these men should not be looked at as the good guys but just the opposite. George Roy Hill's film, The Sting uses many forms of irony in the setting of the 1920's Chicago to show the theme of revenge for a friends death. Johnny Hooker played by Robert Redford is the main character in the film. The irony in the film is that he is the 'good guy' and is also a gambling addict and street con-man. Hill also uses other forms of irony, Henry Gandorf played buy Paul Newman owns a gamblingwhore house which has a giant carousal in the middle. The film starts out quickly and keeps up the pace as it goes on. The film is set up like a book its opening credits are shown over each page. The film is also split up into chapters each with its own title. When the title of the chapter shows up it looks like a piece of paper and is turned going into the next scene. The movie is very clever, the plan for the sting is very tricky and surprising to the viewer. Hill shows us most of the plan but leaves out small parts for an ending surprise. Johnny and Henry are very witty and smart, they make us like them from the very beginning and they keep it up until the end. The two con-men meet on behalf of the death of a mutual friend. Before Johnny's friend died he told him of a great man who could teach him to work the big con. The great man is referring to Henry and the big con is something larger that pickpocketing and small tricks. Listening to the music gives you the idea of exactly the type of film it is. The Entertainer is played many times throughout the film and is the perfect song. The song fits the pace of the movie and it shows that it is both fun and serious.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Consider the ways in which Margaret Atwood Essay

   â€Å"I used to dress like that. That was freedom† / I’m looking down, at the sidewalk, mesmerised by the woman’s feet† This however is countered by â€Å"We are fascinated, but also repelled. They seem undressed. It has taken so little time to change our minds, about things like this† This clear distinction between how she’s expected to feel and how she actually feels becomes distorted as we are unable to define where one starts and the ends. This however is not the first time and this help gain interest into Offred, as one wonders how much she’s begging to believe what she’s being told. This is one of the defining aspects of the novel during the opening chapters as Offred’s characters is never directly revealed to the reader as she sways between survival and ambition. As each chapter unfolds we are offered more into the feelings of Offred into the society of Gilead however it is often difficult to determine what comes from herself and what is simply repeated from the Aunts. The Japanese also act as a way for Atwood to ask of Offred what the reader clearly wants to ask; â€Å"Are you happy†. To this Offred eventually answers â€Å"Yes, we are very happy† however by the text surrounding her answer it is clear to the reader how she really feels. This novel is at heart an exploration of individuality and the need in human nature to express one’s own personality through freedom of thought and speech. In order to complete this at an effective level Atwood has had to create Gilead, a society with a complete blindness to the needs of its individuals, for reasons that become apparent as the novel continues. The severity of Gilead’s members’ loss of control over their own lives is highlighted by Atwood on many occasions during the first 5 sections. â€Å"She wanted me to feel as that I could not come in the house unless she said so. There is much push and shove over such toehold these days. † This quote appears shortly after Offred offers a description of the Commander’s wife in her past, as a television celebrity. â€Å"she could smile and cry at the same time, one tear or two sliding gracefully down her cheek, as if on cue†. The stark contrast between the later quote and the action of Serena Joy once under the control of Gilead offers insight into how the society has affected the lives of everybody, not only the handmaid, as everyone makes a desperate grab for some form of power. Atwood chooses not to give the handmaid a name during the first 5 chapters and this helps distance her from the reader and re-iterate her lack of individuality. This creates interest as the reader questions firstly whether she has a name and secondly what her motives are for not telling us, is she ashamed, afraid? We know from her time at the red centre that names were very precious to them, maybe they’re considered unnecessary for a woman of her position. This adds further mystery to her tale and encourages the reader to continue so that they can understand more into the society. The extremety of Atwood’s fictional society takes the novel into an area often described as Sci-fi, here though, we are shown Atwood’s most important trait; the incredible personalised style of writing associated with her novels. This, alone, is what separates â€Å"The handmaid’s tale† from other books of a similar concept, as by using a first person perspective Atwood is able to explore rather then describe Gilead and therefore the society appears more definite and believable, all of which helps the novel become more interesting during the opening 5 sections. Many details into the society are left undescribed, we know of an existing war through the talk of the frontline, ration books and the loss of Central America to the â€Å"Libertheos†, however Offred never offers more than this. It appears as though this is because Offred expects to know a certain amount into the society of Gilead already, as though we are expected to read this book in the aftermath of the society. A secret diary almost The readers interest is maintained throughout the opening 5 chapters by masking the character of Offred, Giving hints towards a possible escape or ending in another manner and by slowly introducing an unusual society which has clearly developed in America from the present existing population. Offred’s character is masked by; Not introducing the reader to her by name, quoting the opinions of others in order to create confusion as to what she truly believes, contrasting her past actions and beliefs with those actions in which she participates in the present and that which she feels now. The hints into escape, of some form, are offered in two main forms; Through her understanding of the actions of others in order to end their own life and her seeming acceptance of the reasoning behind it and her continued rebellious nature in always looking for a way to break and bend rules. The society unfolds in front of the reader in a mixture of normality and genuine discontentment, prompting the question How, When and Why? All this ensures one’s desire to discover more into the life of Offred, the society she lives in and her intentions for the future. Tom Smith 2002 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Adventures of Huck Finn essays

The Adventures of Huck Finn essays The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain 1. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn was the main character. The story was told through his eyes, and most of the events that took place happened around him. But some of these events would not have happened without other main characters as well, like Jim, Tom Sawyer, the King, or the Duke. Hucks personality at the start of the novel had changed gradually throughout the novel and until the end. At first, Miss Watson tried to make him pray for things but Huck did not believe in praying because it brought him bad luck. Later in the novel, Huck tries to pray for forgiveness and wants to erase his sin for stealing a nigger. After he prays, he feels he can pray openly now and will not sin anymore (CH. 31). Huck was also superstitious and believed that everything that went wrong was because of certain things he did, like the snake in Jims blanket. And everything was blamed on the bad luck Huck and Jim had. Huck also became kind, especially after the quarrel with his father, pap. He learned that in order to get along with people (like the king and duke), you have to let them have their way, and Huck did. Jim, at first, was looked upon as just an ordinary nigger. But Huck and Tom soon realized that he was very smart and had helped Huck through most of his adventures. But as a nigger, Jim was looked up to as a hero to other niggers. For instance, Huck tells the reader when niggers from all over the country came to see Jim and hear...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Further Your Career with an Online MBA Essays

Further Your Career with an Online MBA Essays Further Your Career with an Online MBA Essay Further Your Career with an Online MBA Essay There comes a time in every career when you feel as though you may have hit a plateau; it’s a time that cries out for change but knowing how to jumpstart this professional stall can prove to be difficult. For a great many professionals such a time initiates a desire to pursue a higher degree – furthering their education to ultimately further their careers. And for many people this means the pursuit of a Master of Business Administration (MBA). Of course the complicated part of earning such a degree is that the people who are earning them for this very reason – to further their career and enrich their knowledge of their chosen profession – are already heavily embroiled in a career; working and juggling the myriad responsibilities of adulthood. And so for those students – those that have taken to be called â€Å"non-traditional† – there is the opportunity to pursue an online MBA. Offered through accredited universities that may offer exclusively online degree programs or a combination of campus-based and online classes, an online MBA allows adult students to further their education without leaving their career and putting their lives on hold to do so Rather, through a series of online classes, students can earn an online MBA without having to commute to a traditional university setting and by completing the course work at times that are convenient for them. By earning an online MBA students can take control of the future of their careers, gain invaluable education that will increase their value to an employer, and do so all within the framework of their existing schedule. :

Monday, November 4, 2019

CAN bus technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

CAN bus technologies - Essay Example This caused many problems in the after sales repairs as each of the models had a different set of wiring, which meant qualified and trained staff to work out the repairs or even the general maintenance. The intermingling of the wires was also causing problems. Hence, a need was felt to have the vehicle control system that will eliminate largely the number of connectors and the resultant wiring problem. This need gave birth to the invention of CAN bus technology. Mr. Robert Bosch introduced the CAN bus system for the first time at a SAE congress in 1986 at Detroit. This resulted in the vehicle wiring getting reduced up to 2Kms. Thus, the overall weight of the vehicle was reduced up to 50 Kgs. In a vehicle like BMW 850 coupe Controller Area Network serial bus system, called as CAN bus technology is designed to support multi master access, while handling short messages up to 8 bytes. While this means that collusions get resolved by priority, the system offers high degree of reliability also, by having 15 bit CRC for every message. Since itd introduction at Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), there have been many further innovations in the CAN technology. While Intel developed CAN chip 82526 and Philips also developed semiconductor 82C200 as a CAN controller, there are about 20 chip manufacturers catering to this technology now. CAN technology being purely a data link layer implementation program, it became quite popular for use in various capital equipment like textile machinery, apart from its original use in passenger cars and other transport vehicles. However, this further gave rise to the need of having standards for these layer implementations and data exchange programs. Apart from the above, standardization like EN50325 have enabled application layers now to be used in different kinds of machine controls with the use of components like DeviceNet and CANopen. Both these are addressing different applications. While CANopen is useful for almost

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Sociolinguistic Experiment and language learning strategies Assignment

Sociolinguistic Experiment and language learning strategies - Assignment Example This essay discusses that the study would be effected through the use of self-reporting questionnaires that test the frequency of use of language learning strategies. These strategies range from metacognitive to cognitive, social, affective, compensation and memory strategies. The use of these strategies among the subjects can be measured using Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning. The inventory, which was devised by Rebecca Oxford, is a 50-item questionnaire that identifies the learning strategies used by international students. The inventory consists of 50 statements, beneath which is a scale of five items ranging from â€Å"never true† and always true for me† (Oxford 299). The results would indicate that metacognitive strategies are the most used language learning strategies among international students. It can be assumed that they are well informed about English learning processes and the range of strategies that they can adapt to meet their goals .  This essay discusses that the study would be effected through the use of self-reporting questionnaires that test the frequency of use of language learning strategies. These strategies range from metacognitive to cognitive, social, affective, compensation and memory strategies. The use of these strategies among the subjects can be measured using Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning. The inventory, which was devised by Rebecca Oxford, is a 50-item questionnaire that identifies the learning strategies used by international students.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Biological Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biological Science - Essay Example In mitosis, all the daughter cells resemble the parent cell chromosomal number and configuration (diploid). 6. During meiosis, the daughter cells formed are genetically different; in mitosis, the daughter cells are genetically identical. 7. Meiosis causes gamete formation or reproductive cells; mitosis causes increased population of somatic cells and causes repair of worn out cells and replaces dead cells. The commoner cell division is mitosis because the number of somatic cells is far greater than the number of the reproductive cells. So, mitosis is the more frequent cell division. 2. Why is biodiversity so important Be detailed and discuss the various ramifications of losing our biodiversity. Biodiversity is the key to the survival of every species. The existence of a wide variety of species or other taxa of plants, animals, and microorganisms in a natural community is called biodiversity. The main importance of biodiversity is stability of ecosystem. It also provides huge amount of genetic material useful for humans. Biodiversity results in an interspecies relationships, such as, scavenging, commensalisms, proto-cooperation, symbiosis, etc. These interspecies relationships are caused by interaction between two species so that each can be benefited from it. Foodweb is an important part of ecosystem. More is number of species in an ecosystem, better will be the foodweb, which means scarcity of food can be prevented by biodiversity. Apart from this, it can attract tourists so that by ecotourism, the economic condition of the country can be improved. It can promote pharmaceutical research, and indirectly, it can protect our civilization. Loss of biodiversity affects the humans, animals, and nature. We know that quality of foodweb depends upon biodiversity, so biodiversity loss can decrease the food productivity causing prices of food to go up and even death in many cases. Chances of natural disasters also increase with loss in biodiversity. Biodiversity can keep a check on zoonotic diseases, so loss of it can increase health risks of humans from zoonotic diseases. Plant diversity is the source of economy for the country because it provides many products like, timber, fruits, wood fuels, etc. So damage in plant diversity can cause the downfall of economy. This might lead to labor problems too. Loss of biodiversity may lead to habitat destruction, which contributes to the extinction of the animals. Apart from these, geographically, the continuous loss of forests affects rainfall, hence can compromise the quality of water for household use. 3. Explain the following: biotic potential, carrying capacity, logistic vs. exponential growth. Biotic potential: Biotic potential is the maximum rate at which the population could increase. In ideal condition, the variables like maximum birth rate and minimum death rate are determinants of biotic potential. However, the biotic potential can be influenced by environmental resistances, such as, competition

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Compare and Contrast of Short Stories Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast of Short Stories Essay In â€Å"The Ones That Walk Away From Omelas† and â€Å"The Lottery†, Ursula Le Guin and Shirley Jackson portray a supposedly perfect society built on clandestine secrets. In the short story â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas†, Omelas’ inhabitants are smart and cultured, and it seems like a utopian city of happiness and delight. Everything about Omelas is your every desire, disregarding the secret of the city: the good fortune of Omelas requires that a single unfortunate child be kept in never-ending filth, darkness and misery, and that all its citizens should be told of this when they come of age. After the truth is told to the people of Omelas most are initially shocked and disgusted and somehow manage to live there life and make it worth it for the child’s existence; others just walk away from the city of Omelas. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery†, a small village of about 300 have an annual lottery; women, men, and children participate, to see who will be the chosen one to guarantee enough rain for the corn crops. The winner is to be stoned to death. The way the authors use irony to depict the story societies as wonderful and perfect then towards the end the dark secret is discovered is very intriguing and captivating, which makes you want to keep reading. In the story, â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas†, Omelas seems to be this beautiful and cheerful place. The story takes place during a festival and there are children running around laughing and there is music. It talks about a race and how the horses are excited, â€Å"(the horses) flared their nostrils and pranced and boasted to one another â€Å" with silver, gold, and green braided into their manes. The story has and air of excitement and celebration that is soon questioned when the author begins to talk about the child.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

A military technology

A military technology CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. Because Qualcomm created communications chips for CDMA technology, it was privy to the classified information. Once the information became public, Qualcomm claimed patents on the technology and became the first to commercialize it. Code Division Multiple Access technology emerged as an alternative to the GSM cellular architecture and has shared in the past decades explosive growth in the wireless market. CDMA, like GSM, has seen incremental improvements in capacity throughout this period. Now both types of networks are making a transition to third-generation (3G) systems around the globe, offering yet more capacity and data services. INTRODUCTION With the advent of wireless communication there was the advent of the two technologies for the cellular communication. They were the CDMA and the GSM technology. Both the technologies have their own mechanisms of working and their own pros and cons for which they have their own different utilizations and implications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The technology on which our group has proposed to research is the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Though the total users of the CDMA technology around the globe are approximately 14% yet it has many advantages over the GSM technology which has enormous number of users. Actually the GSM technology is easy to manage and to handle rather than CDMA but that doesnt mean that it has got no future. Truly speaking the CDMA technology is the technology of the future. Gradually its gaining popularity in the European market. What is CDMA? CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhance privacy and makes cloning difficult. The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital air interface standard, claiming eight to fifteen times the capacity of traditional analog cellular systems. It employs a commercial adaptation of a military spread-spectrum technology. Based on spread spectrum theory, it gives essentially the same services and qualities as wireline service. The primary difference is that access to the local exchange carrier (LEC) is provided via a wireless phone. Though CDMAs application in cellular telephony is relatively new, it is not a new technology. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as: Anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal). Ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received). Secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal. With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The codes are shared by both the mobile station (cellular phone) and the base station, and are called pseudo-random code sequences. Since each user is separated by a unique code, all users can share the same frequency band (range of radio spectrum). This gives many unique advantages to the CDMA technique over other RF techniques in cellular communication. CDMA is a digital multiple access technique and this cellular aspect of the protocol is specified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as IS-95. In CDMA, the BSSAP is divided into the DTAP and BSMAP (which corresponds to BSSMAP in GSM). Generating a CDMA signal There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal. analog to digital conversion vocoding encoding and interleaving channelizing the signals conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal The use of codes is a key part of this process. How CDMA is altering the face of cellular and PCS communication? CDMA is altering the face of cellular and PCS communication by: Dramatically improving the telephone traffic capacity Dramatically improving the voice quality and eliminating the audible effects of multipath fading Reducing the incidence of dropped calls due to handoff failures Providing reliable transport mechanism for data communications, such as facsimile and internet traffic Reducing the number of sites needed to support any given amount of traffic Simplifying site selection Reducing deployment and operating costs because fewer cell sites are needed Reducing average transmitted power Reducing interference to other electronic devices Reducing potential health risks Commercially introduced in 1995, CDMA quickly became one of the worlds fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new third-generation (3G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or upgrading to 3G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with high-speed data capabilities. CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications. In general, Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements: The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming and multi-user access, which well discuss later on. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time. In order to protect the signal, the code used is pseudo-random. It appears random, but is actually deterministic, so that the receiver can reconstruct the code for synchronous detection. This pseudo-random code is also called pseudo-noise (PN). There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal: Frequency hopping. The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows before hand where to find the signal at any given time. Time hopping. The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst. Direct sequence. The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data. HOW SPREAD SPECTRUM WORKS? Spread Spectrum uses wide band, noise-like signals. Because Spread Spectrum signals are noise-like, they are hard to detect. Spread Spectrum signals are also hard to Intercept or demodulate. Further, Spread Spectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrowband signals. These Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the military has used Spread Spectrum for so many years. Spread signals are intentionally made to be much wider band than the information they are carrying to make them more noise-like. Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run many times the information bandwidth or data rate. These special Spreading codes are called Pseudo Random or Pseudo Noise codes. They are called Pseudo because they are not real Gaussian noise. Spread Spectrum transmitters uses similar transmit power levels to narrow band transmitters. Because Spread Spectrum signals are so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density, measured in Watts per Hertz, than narrowband transmitters. This lower transmitted power density characteristic gives spread signals a big plus. Spread and narrow band signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference. This capability is the main reason for all the interest in Spread Spectrum today. IMPLEMENTATION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY Now a day, in large organization the communication process has to be fast and efficient. There are the major points that have to be taken care in the modern corporate culture. Over time, more and more demands have been made on the capabilities of corporate networks. Workers want more mobility; secure, high-speed access; and an extension of applications across the enterprise, all of which can strain current IT capabilities. The first and foremost of all is protecting corporate network assets is an ongoing task for IT professionals. Increased worker mobility and mobile workers needs for immediate, secure access to critical business information add challenges to maintaining network security Some of todays top security issues and concerns are: Unauthorized systems and network access Auditability and compliance Customer data breaches Internal and external sabotage Theft of intellectual property and confidential business information Cost of mobile device administration The following diagram illustrates many elements critical to mobile data security. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GSM AND CDMA TECHNOLOGY In cellular service there are two main competing network technologies: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Cellular carriers including Sprint PCS, Cingular Wireless, Verizon and T-Mobile use one or the other. Understanding the difference between GSM and CDMA will allow you to choose a carrier that uses the preferable network technology for your needs. The GSM Association is an international organization founded in 1987, dedicated to providing, developing, and overseeing the worldwide wireless standard of GSM. CDMA, a proprietary standard designed by Qualcomm in the United States, has been the dominant network standard for North America and parts of Asia. However, GSM networks continue to make inroads in the United States, as CDMA networks make progress in other parts of the world. There are camps on both sides that firmly believe either GSM or CDMA architecture is superior to the other. That said, to the non-invested consumer who simply wants bottom line information to make a choice, the following considerations may be helpful. Coverage The most important factor is getting service in the areas you will be using your phone. Upon viewing competitors coverage maps you may discover that only GSM or CDMA carriers offer cellular service in your area. If so, there is no decision to be made, but most people will find that they do have a choice. Data Transfer Speed With the advent of cellular phones doing double and triple duty as streaming video devices, podcast receivers and email devices, speed is important to those who use the phone for more than making calls. CDMA has been traditionally faster than GSM, though both technologies continue to rapidly leapfrog along this path. Both boast 3G standards, or 3rd generation technologies. EVDO, also known as CDMA2000, is CDMAs answer to the need for speed with a downstream rate of about 2 megabits per second, though some reports suggest real world speeds are closer to 300-700 kilobits per second (kbps). This is comparable to basic DSL. As of fall 2005, EVDO is in the process of being deployed. It is not available everywhere and requires a phone that is CDMA2000 ready. GSMs answer is EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), which boasts data rates of up to 384 kbps with real world speeds reported closer to 70-140 kbps. With added technologies still in the works that include UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Standard) and HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), speeds reportedly increase to about 275à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬380 kbps. This technology is also known as W-CDMA, but is incompatible with CDMA networks. An EDGE-ready phone is required. In the case of EVDO, theoretical high traffic can degrade speed and performance, while the EDGE network is more susceptible to interference. Both require being within close range of a cell to get the best speeds, while performance decreases with distance. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards In the United States only GSM phones use SIM cards. The removable SIM card allows phones to be instantly activated, interchanged, swapped out and upgraded, all without carrier intervention. The SIM itself is tied to the network, rather than the actual phone. Phones that are card-enabled can be used with any GSM carrier. The CDMA equivalent, a R-UIM card, is only available in parts of Asia but remains on the horizon for the U.S. market. CDMA carriers in the U.S. require proprietary handsets that are linked to one carrier only and are not card-enabled. To upgrade a CDMA phone, the carrier must deactivate the old phone then activate the new one. The old phone becomes useless. Roaming For the most part, both networks have fairly concentrated coverage in major cities and along major highways. GSM carriers, however, have roaming contracts with other GSM carriers, allowing wider coverage of more rural areas, generally speaking, often without roaming charges to the customer. CDMA networks may not cover rural areas as well as GSM carriers, and though they may contract with GSM cells for roaming in more rural areas, the charge to the customer will generally be significantly higher. International Roaming If you need to make calls to other countries, a GSM carrier can offer international roaming, as GSM networks dominate the world market. If you travel to other countries you can even use your GSM cell phone abroad, providing it is a quad-band phone (850/900/1800/1900 MHz). By purchasing a SIM card with minutes and a local number in the country you are visiting, you can make calls against the card to save yourself international roaming charges from your carrier back home. CDMA phones that are not card-enabled do not have this capability, however there are several countries that use CDMA networks. Check with your CDMA provider for your specific requirements. According CDG.org, CDMA networks support over 270 million subscribers worldwide, while GSM.org tallies up their score at over 1 billion. As CDMA phones become R-UIM enabled and roaming contracts between networks improve, integration of the standards might eventually make differences all but transparent to the consumer. The chief GSM carriers in the United States are Cingular Wireless, recently merged with ATT Wireless, and T-Mobile USA. Major CDMA carriers are Sprint PCS, Verizon and Virgin Mobile. There are also several smaller cellular companies on both networks.